#include <CGAL/Min_ellipse_2.h>

Definition

An object of the class Min_ellipse_2 is the unique ellipse of smallest area enclosing a finite (multi)set of points in two-dimensional euclidean space \( \E^2\).

For a point set \( P\) we denote by \( me(P)\) the smallest ellipse that contains all points of \( P\). Note that \( me(P)\) can be degenerate, i.e. \( me(P)=\emptyset\) if \( P=\emptyset\), \( me(P)=\{p\}\) if \( P=\{p\}\), and \( me(P) = \{ (1-\lambda)p + \lambda q \mid 0 \leq \lambda \leq 1 \}\) if \( P=\{p,q\}\).

An inclusion-minimal subset \( S\) of \( P\) with \( me(S)=me(P)\) is called a support set, the points in \( S\) are the support points. A support set has size at most five, and all its points lie on the boundary of \( me(P)\). In general, neither the support set nor its size are necessarily unique.

The underlying algorithm can cope with all kinds of input, e.g. \( P\) may be empty or points may occur more than once. The algorithm computes a support set \( S\) which remains fixed until the next insert or clear operation.

Template Parameters

Traits must be a model for MinEllipse2Traits.

We provide the model CGAL::Min_ellipse_2_traits_2<K> using the two-dimensional CGAL kernel.

See also: CGAL::Min_circle_2<Traits>; CGAL::Min_ellipse_2_traits_2<K>; MinEllipse2Traits

Implementation

We implement the incremental algorithm of Welzl, with move-to-front heuristic [16], using the primitives as described in [4], [3]. The whole implementation is described in [6].

If randomization is chosen, the creation time is almost always linear in the number of points. Access functions and predicates take constant time, inserting a point might take up to linear time, but substantially less than computing the new smallest enclosing ellipse from scratch. The clear operation and the check for validity each takes linear time.

Example

To illustrate the usage of Min_ellipse_2 and to show that randomization can be useful in certain cases, we give an example. The example also shows how the coefficents of the constructed ellipse can be accessed.

File Min_ellipse_2/min_ellipse_2.cpp

#include <CGAL/Cartesian.h>
#include <CGAL/Min_ellipse_2.h>
#include <CGAL/Min_ellipse_2_traits_2.h>
#include <CGAL/Exact_rational.h>
#include <cassert>
typedef  CGAL::Exact_rational             NT;
typedef  CGAL::Cartesian<NT>              K;
typedef  CGAL::Point_2<K>                 Point;
typedef  CGAL::Min_ellipse_2_traits_2<K>  Traits;
typedef  CGAL::Min_ellipse_2<Traits>      Min_ellipse;
int
main( int, char**)
{
    const int n = 200;
    Point     P[n];
    for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        P[ i] = Point( i % 2 ? i : -i , 0);
    // (0,0), (-1,0), (2,0), (-3,0)
    std::cout << "Computing ellipse (without randomization)...";
    std::cout.flush();
    Min_ellipse  me1( P, P+n, false);    // very slow
    std::cout << "done." << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Computing ellipse (with randomization)...";
    std::cout.flush();
    Min_ellipse  me2( P, P+n, true);     // fast
    std::cout << "done." << std::endl;
    // because all input points are collinear, the ellipse is
    // degenerate and equals a line segment; the ellipse has
    // two support points
    assert(me2.is_degenerate());
    assert(me2.number_of_support_points()==2);
    // prettyprinting
    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
    std::cout << me2;
    // in general, the ellipse is not explicitly representable
    // over the input number type NT; when you use the default
    // traits class CGAL::Min_ellipse_2_traits_2<K>, you can
    // get double approximations for the coefficients of the
    // underlying conic curve. NOTE: this curve only exists
    // in the nondegenerate case!
    me2.insert(Point(0,1)); // resolves the degeneracy
    assert(!me2.is_degenerate());
    // get the coefficients
    double r,s,t,u,v,w;
    me2.ellipse().double_coefficients( r, s, t, u, v, w);
    std::cout << "ellipse has the equation " <<
      r << " x^2 + " <<
      s << " y^2 + " <<
      t << " xy + " <<
      u << " x + " <<
      v << " y + " <<
      w << " = 0." << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

Examples:: Min_ellipse_2/min_ellipse_2.cpp.

Related Functions
(Note that these are not member functions.)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &os, const Min_ellipse_2< Traits > &min_ellipse)
	writes `min_ellipse` to output stream `os`. More...

std::istream &	operator>> (std::istream &is, Min_ellipse_2< Traits > min_ellipse &)
	reads `min_ellipse` from input stream `is`. More...

Types
typedef unspecified_type	Point
	Typedef to `Traits::Point`.

typedef unspecified_type	Ellipse
	Typedef to `Traits::Ellipse`. More...

typedef unspecified_type	Point_iterator
	Non-mutable model of the STL concept BidirectionalIterator with value type `Point`. More...

typedef unspecified_type	Support_point_iterator
	Non-mutable model of the STL concept RandomAccessIterator with value type `Point`. More...

Creation
A `Min_ellipse_2` object can be created from an arbitrary point set \( P\) and by specialized construction methods expecting no, one, two, three, four or five points as arguments. The latter methods can be useful for reconstructing \( me(P)\) from a given support set \( S\) of \( P\).
template<class InputIterator >
	Min_Ellipse_2 (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, bool randomize, Random &random=get_default_random(), const Traits &traits=Traits())
	initializes `min_ellipse` to \( me(P)\) with \( P\) being the set of points in the range [`first`,`last`). More...

	Min_ellipse_2 (const Traits &traits=Traits())
	creates a variable `min_ellipse` of type `Min_ellipse_2`. More...

	Min_ellipse_2 (const Point &p, const Traits &traits=Traits())
	initializes `min_ellipse` to \( me(\{p\})\), the set \( \{p\}\). More...

	Min_ellipse_2 (const Point &p, const Point &q, const Traits &traits=Traits())
	initializes `min_ellipse` to \( me(\{p,q\})\), the set \( \{ (1-\lambda) p + \lambda q \mid 0 \leq \lambda \leq 1 \}\) More...

	Min_ellipse_2 (const Point &p1, const Point &p2, const Point &p3, const Traits &traits=Traits())
	initializes `min_ellipse` to \( me(\{p1,p2,p3\})\).

	Min_ellipse_2 (const Point &p1, const Point &p2, const Point &p3, const Point &p4, const Traits &traits=Traits())
	initializes `min_ellipse` to \( me(\{p1,p2,p3,p4\})\).

	Min_ellipse_2 (const Point &p1, const Point &p2, const Point &p3, const Point &p4, const Point &p5, const Traits &traits=Traits())
	initializes `min_ellipse` to \( me(\{p1,p2,p3,p4,p5\})\).

Access Functions
int	number_of_points () const
	returns the number of points of `min_ellipse`, i.e. \( \|P\|\).

int	number_of_support_points () const
	returns the number of support points of `min_ellipse`, i.e. \( \|S\|\).

Point_iterator	points_begin () const
	returns an iterator referring to the first point of `min_ellipse`.

Point_iterator	points_end () const
	returns the corresponding past-the-end iterator.

Support_point_iterator	support_points_begin () const
	returns an iterator referring to the first support point of `min_ellipse`.

Support_point_iterator	support_points_end () const
	returns the corresponding past-the-end iterator.

const Point &	support_point (int i) const
	returns the `i`-th support point of `min_ellipse`. More...

const Ellipse &	ellipse () const
	returns the current ellipse of `min_ellipse`.

Predicates
By definition, an empty `Min_ellipse_2` has no boundary and no bounded side, i.e. its unbounded side equals the whole space \( \E^2\).
CGAL::Bounded_side	bounded_side (const Point &p) const
	returns `CGAL::ON_BOUNDED_SIDE`, `CGAL::ON_BOUNDARY`, or `CGAL::ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE` iff `p` lies properly inside, on the boundary of, or properly outside of `min_ellipse`, resp.

bool	has_on_bounded_side (const Point &p) const
	returns `true`, iff `p` lies properly inside `min_ellipse`.

bool	has_on_boundary (const Point &p) const
	returns `true`, iff `p` lies on the boundary of `min_ellipse`.

bool	has_on_unbounded_side (const Point &p) const
	returns `true`, iff `p` lies properly outside of `min_ellipse`.

bool	is_empty () const
	returns `true`, iff `min_ellipse` is empty (this implies degeneracy).

bool	is_degenerate () const
	returns `true`, iff `min_ellipse` is degenerate, i.e. if `min_ellipse` is empty, equal to a single point or equal to a segment, equivalently if the number of support points is less than 3.

Modifiers
New points can be added to an existing `min_ellipse`, allowing to build \( me(P)\) incrementally, e.g. if \( P\) is not known in advance. Compared to the direct creation of \( me(P)\), this is not much slower, because the construction method is incremental itself.
void	insert (const Point &p)
	inserts `p` into `min_ellipse` and recomputes the smallest enclosing ellipse.

template<class InputIterator >
void	insert (InputIterator first, InputIterator last)
	inserts the points in the range [`first`,`last`) into `min_ellipse` and recomputes the smallest enclosing ellipse by calling `insert(p)` for each point `p` in [`first`,`last`). More...

void	clear ()
	deletes all points in `min_ellipse` and sets `min_ellipse` to the empty set. More...

Validity Check
An object `min_ellipse` is valid, iff `min_ellipse` contains all points of its defining set \( P\), `min_ellipse` is the smallest ellipse spanned by its support set \( S\), and \( S\) is minimal, i.e. no support point is redundant. Note: In this release only the first item is considered by the validity check.
bool	is_valid (bool verbose=false, int level=0) const
	returns `true`, iff `min_ellipse` contains all points of its defining set \( P\). More...

Miscellaneous
const Traits &	traits () const
	returns a const reference to the traits class object.

Member Typedef Documentation

◆ Ellipse

template<typename Traits>

typedef unspecified_type CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::Ellipse

Typedef to Traits::Ellipse.

If you are using the predefined traits class CGAL::Min_ellipse_2_traits_2<K>, you can access the coefficients of the ellipse, see the documentation of CGAL::Min_ellipse_2_traits_2<K> and the example below.

◆ Point_iterator

template<typename Traits>

typedef unspecified_type CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::Point_iterator

Non-mutable model of the STL concept BidirectionalIterator with value type Point.

Used to access the points of the smallest enclosing ellipse.

◆ Support_point_iterator

template<typename Traits>

typedef unspecified_type CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::Support_point_iterator

Non-mutable model of the STL concept RandomAccessIterator with value type Point.

Used to access the support points of the smallest enclosing ellipse.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ Min_ellipse_2() [1/3]

template<typename Traits>

CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::Min_ellipse_2 ( const Traits & traits = Traits() )

creates a variable min_ellipse of type Min_ellipse_2.

It is initialized to \( me(\emptyset)\), the empty set.

Postcondition: min_ellipse.is_empty() = true.

◆ Min_ellipse_2() [2/3]

template<typename Traits>

CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::Min_ellipse_2	(	const Point &	p,
		const Traits &	traits = `Traits()`
	)

initializes min_ellipse to \( me(\{p\})\), the set \( \{p\}\).

Postcondition: min_ellipse.is_degenerate() = true.

◆ Min_ellipse_2() [3/3]

template<typename Traits>

CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::Min_ellipse_2	(	const Point &	p,
		const Point &	q,
		const Traits &	traits = `Traits()`
	)

initializes min_ellipse to \( me(\{p,q\})\), the set \( \{ (1-\lambda) p + \lambda q \mid 0 \leq \lambda \leq 1 \}\)

Postcondition: min_ellipse.is_degenerate() = true.

Member Function Documentation

◆ clear()

template<typename Traits>

void CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::clear ( )

deletes all points in min_ellipse and sets min_ellipse to the empty set.

Postcondition: min_ellipse.is_empty() = true.

◆ insert()

template<typename Traits>

template<class InputIterator >

void CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::insert	(	InputIterator	first,
		InputIterator	last
	)

inserts the points in the range [first,last) into min_ellipse and recomputes the smallest enclosing ellipse by calling insert(p) for each point p in [first,last).

Template Parameters

InputIterator is a model of InputIterator with Point as value type.

◆ is_valid()

template<typename Traits>

bool CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::is_valid	(	bool	verbose = `false`,
		int	level = `0`
	)		const

returns true, iff min_ellipse contains all points of its defining set \( P\).

If verbose is true, some messages concerning the performed checks are written to standard error stream. The second parameter level is not used, we provide it only for consistency with interfaces of other classes.

◆ Min_Ellipse_2()

template<typename Traits>

template<class InputIterator >

CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::Min_Ellipse_2	(	InputIterator	first,
		InputIterator	last,
		bool	randomize,
		Random &	random = `get_default_random()`,
		const Traits &	traits = `Traits()`
	)

initializes min_ellipse to \( me(P)\) with \( P\) being the set of points in the range [first,last).

If randomize is true, a random permutation of \( P\) is computed in advance, using the random numbers generator random. Usually, this will not be necessary, however, the algorithm's efficiency depends on the order in which the points are processed, and a bad order might lead to extremely poor performance (see example below).

Template Parameters

InputIterator is a model of InputIterator with Point as value type.

◆ support_point()

template<typename Traits>

const Point& CGAL::Min_ellipse_2< Traits >::support_point ( int i ) const

returns the i-th support point of min_ellipse.

Between two modifying operations (see below) any call to min_ellipse.support_point(i) with the same i returns the same point.

Precondition: \( 0 \leq i<\) min_ellipse.number_of_support_points().

Friends And Related Function Documentation

◆ operator<<()

template<typename Traits>

std::ostream & operator<<	(	std::ostream &	os,
		const Min_ellipse_2< Traits > &	min_ellipse
	)

An overload of operator<< must be defined for Point (and for Ellipse, if pretty printing is used).

◆ operator>>()

template<typename Traits>

std::istream & operator>>	(	std::istream &	is,
		Min_ellipse_2< Traits > min_ellipse &
	)

An overload of operator>> must be defined for Point.

Definition

Related Functions

Types

Creation

Access Functions

Predicates

Modifiers

Validity Check

Miscellaneous

Member Typedef Documentation

◆ Ellipse

◆ Point_iterator

◆ Support_point_iterator

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ Min_ellipse_2() [1/3]

◆ Min_ellipse_2() [2/3]

◆ Min_ellipse_2() [3/3]

Member Function Documentation

◆ clear()

◆ insert()

◆ is_valid()

◆ Min_Ellipse_2()

◆ support_point()

Friends And Related Function Documentation

◆ operator<<()

◆ operator>>()